Invertebrate Zoology Lecture Notes Ppt New [exclusive] Jun 2026

Supported by microscopic needles called spicules. Spicules are made of calcium carbonate or silica. Some sponges use a flexible protein network called spongin. Phylum Cnidaria: Corals, Jellyfish, and Hydras

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Closed circulatory system with aortic arches ("hearts").

Protects against physical damage and dehydration. Requires molting (ecdysis) to allow body growth. invertebrate zoology lecture notes ppt new

Moving from Linnaean classification to phylogenetic trees based on developmental pathways (protostomes vs. deuterostomes). 2. The Basal Metazoans (Sponges and Cnidarians)

Cellular grade of construction, canal systems (asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid), and choanocyte functions.

Introduction of Metamerism (segmentation). Supported by microscopic needles called spicules

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Module 1: Introduction to Invertebrates and Evolutionary Trends 1. Key Evolutionary Milestones

Hexapoda (insects; three-part body, six legs, often capable of flight). Phylum Cnidaria: Corals, Jellyfish, and Hydras Here is

No specific body axis. Shape changes constantly. Found in most Porifera.

[Bottom – micrograph]

Module 3: Spiralian Lophotrochozoans (Platyhelminthes, Annelids, Molluscs) 1. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

External rings match internal walls called septa. Each segment contains its own excretory, nervous, and circulatory structures.